Ingglish Revized Spelling Sistem

Consonants

b   b  
č   ch  
d   d  
ð   dh  
f   f  
g   g, g’  
h   h  
ǰ   j, g  
k   c, k, q  
l   l  
m   m  
n   n  
ng   ng  
p   p  
r   r  
s   s  
š   sh  
t   t  
θ   th  
v   v  
w   w  
ʍ   wh  
j   y  
z   z, s  
ž   zh  

Notes

  1. Enny non-final sillabil ending in a singgel letter is considdered open: tabel, pleze, compile, scored, unusual
    1. Toow lettered söunds ar considdered separat letters, and bi default cloze dhe previos sillabil: maches, wishing, udher
    2. Singgel lettered söunds can cloze a sillabil when dubbeled: letter, dubbel, mapped.
      1. Dhe söund /k/ is dubbeled ‹ck›: locked, seckond.
      2. Dhe söund /v/ is dubbeled ‹v’›; a dubbel ‹vv› loöks tooe much like a ‹w›: hav’ing,
        luv’ed.
      3. Dhe söund /ǰ/ is dubbeled ‹dj› or ‹dg›: edging
  2. Dhe letter ‹g› can be ýdher ‘soft’ /ǰ/ or ‘hard’ /g/ depending on dhe letter which follows it.
    1. Dhe söund is soft before ‹e›, ‹i›, and ‹y›: stage, fragile, cagy
    2. Dhe söund is hard before aul udher letters: game, golden, flags, August, groop
    3. If dhe letter is dubbeled ‹gg›, or it ocurs with /ng/ as ‹ngg›, dhe söund is aulways hard: dragging, fingger.
    4. At dhe end ov wurds, dhe soft /ǰ/ söund is ritten ‹ge›, whare dhe ‹e› is silent.
      1. If dhe previos vöwel is not stressed, dhis silent ‹e› duz not lengthen dhat vöwel: message, currage.
      2. Whare dhe previos vöwel is stressed, it is lengthened: page, fage.
      3. A shoft stressed vöwel before a final /ǰ/ is indicated bi dubbeling dhe consonant ‹dge›: fledge
      4. If a suffix is added too a wurd ending in ‹-ge›, dhe silent ‹e› is retained: mannagement
    5. A hard /g/ apears before a soffening vöwel is indicated in several ways, depending on ettimology.
      1. An apostrophe is inserted between dhe ‹g› and dhe vöwel: g’ecko, g’il
      2. A silent ‹u› is inserted between dhe ‹g› and dhe vöwel: guest, disguize. Whare dhis ‹u› shüd be pronounced, an apostrophe apears between dhe ‹g› and ‹u›: arg’ue.
      3. In som verry common wurds, dhe hard /g/ is unmarked: get, giv, agen, agenst, and derivativs ov dhese wurds, like forget, gift, etc.
    6. Dhe letter ‹j› is aulways pronounced /ǰ/, regardless ov its pozission in dhe wurd, or dhe following letter: just, major. Dhis letter is not tìpically ritten at dhe end ov a wurd, as ‹ge› or ‹dge› is dhe uzual, auldho ettimològical instances can ocur: Raaj.
  3. Dhe letter ‹c› can be ýdher ‘soft’ /s/ or ‘hard’ /k/ depending on dhe letter which follows it.
    1. Dhe söund is soft before ‹e›, ‹i›, and ‹y›: place, docile, racy
    2. Dhe söund is hard before aul udher letters: cammel, colder, clip, cullur, escape, crum.
    3. At dhe end ov wurds, dhe soft /s/ söund can be ritten ‹ce›, whare dhe ‹e› is silent.
      1. If dhe previos vöwel is not stressed, dhis silent ‹e› duz not lengthen dhat vöwel: surface, carapace.
      2. Whare dhe previos vöwel is stressed, it is lengthened: lice, produce
      3. If a suffix is added too a wurd ending in ‹-ce›, dhe silent ‹e› is retained: placement
    4. A hard /k/ apears before a soffening vöwel is indicated with a ‹k›: kite, skeet, flaky, rake.
    5. Dhe söund /k/ before /w/ is ritten ‹qu›: quick, aquarium. Dhe letter ‹q›, like ‹x› is considered a dubbel consonant for length purposes.
    6. At dhe end ov a wurd, /k/ is written ýdher ‹k›, ‹ck›, or ‹c›:
      1. ‹ck› after stressed vöwels whare dhe /k/ söund nev’er soffens: treck~trecking,
        pick~picked
      2. ‹k› after unstressed vöwels whare dhe /k/ söund nev’er soffens: traffik~traffiking
      3. ‹k› after vöwels which ar not part ov a long/short pair whare dhe /k/ söund nev’er soffens: loök~loöker, soak~soaked, peek~peeking
      4. ‹k› after consonants: risk, bulk, stark
      5. ‹c› whare dhe /k/ söund soffens to /s/ before a suffix: mistic~misticizm
      6. ‹c›/‹ss›/‹ck› whare dhare is variation: politic, polìtical, politissian, politicking
  4. Dhe letter ‹s› has spessial rules at dhe end ov wurds.
    1. Dhe plural/3sg.prèz. suffix /-z/~/-s/ is ritten ‹-s› in aul cases regardless ov dhe voicèdness ov dhe söund: plants, fades, runs, enigmas, partys
    2. Dhe plural/3sg.prèz. /-əz/ is ‹-es›: finnishes, misses, misuzes.
    3. Whare a wurd ends in a long vöwel ritten with a singgel letter, dhe plural/3sg.prèz. /-z/ is
      ‹-es›: potatoes, mennues, alibies. Note dhat long ē and ā must aulways be written az a di-graf wurd-finally: spree~sprees, play~plays
    4. After unstressed short ĭ, ŏ, ü, and ŭ, final ‹s› is pronounced /s/: basis, virtuos, caos,
      octopüs, asparagus
    5. After unstressed ă and ĕ, and aul stressed short vöwels, final /s/ is ritten ‹ss›: lass, guess, mindless, amiss, toss, wüss, buss. After unstressed ă, a final ‹-ce› is aulso acceptabil: furnace.
    6. Following consonants, final /s/ can be ritten with ‹-ce›, ‹-se›: dance, expanse
    7. In som wurds, espessially ov Greek origin, a final ‹-os› can be pronounced ýdher long or short, depending on dialect. Dhe ‹o› is treated az short bi default. Az dhe acute accent is uzed too indicate a long vöwel, dhe ‹s› remains /s/: cozmos~cozmós.
  5. Different dialects hav palatalizing/yod-deleting rules for dhe alvelar consonants /t/, /d/, /s/, and /z/. Som rules ar universal (or virtually so), udhers ar spessìfic too certan dialets.
    1. Palatalizing-1: /s/ -> /š/, /z/ -> /ž/ occurs before ūr, and yod-i (and perhaps y, reserch...). ‹s› and ‹z› ar retained in spelling. ‹t› before yod-i is pronounced /š/ as well: spessial, sure, animation, mezzure, vizzion
    2. Palatalizing-2: /s/ -> /š/, /t/ -> /č/, /z/ -> /ž/, /d/ -> /ǰ/ occurs before unstressed ū. ‹s›, ‹t›, ‹z›, and ‹d› ar retained in spelling: sensual, actual, culture, vizual, educate, procedure
    3. Yod-i aulso has dialectal variation az too its status az a sillabel: from /i/ to /j/. In spelling, it is aulways treated az non-sillabic, but az a vöwel in terms ov whedher dhe previos sillabel is open or clozed. Dhe letter ‹y› is uzed when dhe previos sillabel shüd be clozed: mania, canyon.
  6. Dhe letter ‹x› is notewurdhy becauz:
    1. It aulways cöunts az a dubbel letter, dhus clozing enny sillabel which cöms before: exit, flexes.
    2. It is pronounced /gz/ between an unstressed ‹e› and a following vöwel: exammin, exist. Whare it remains /ks/, an apostrofy or ‹s› is inserted after dhe ‹x›: ex’ude, excess
    3. When it is pronounced /gz/ in a /ks/ environment, an apostrofy in inserted before dhe ‹x›: e’xit.

Vöwels

ă shack, natural, narrow, matter, magic, ant a, (à) shack, natural, narrow, matter, màgic, ant/ànt
ă: bad, can (ä) bad/bäd, can/cän
ā shake, nature, great, mare, create, change a, ae, (á) shake, nature, graet, mare, creáte, change
ai₁ wait, relay ai/ay wait, relay
ai₂ weight, they ei/ey weit, dhey
ɑ bath, calm, laugh, reservoir, bar, barring aa, a(r), (â) bath/bâth, caam, laf/lâf, rezervwar, bar, bar’ing
ĕ bed, message, merry, sweat, friend, many, again, relic e, (è) bed, message, merry, swet, frend, menny, ag’en, rèlic
ē feet, complete, piece, key, merely, idea e, ee, (é) feet, complete, pece, kee, merely, idéa
ɜ₁ person, anger, coerce er, ër person, angger, coërce
ea leaf, peace, fearing ea leaf, peace, fearing
ĭ sit, symbol, business, women, squirrel, physics i, (ì) sit, simbol, bizness, wimmen, squirrel, fìzics
ɨ South African ĭ ï wïmmen/wimmen
ɜ₂ stir, stirring, ir, ïr stir, stir’ing
ī child, night, time, lie, science, mind i, ie, iy, (í) child, niyt, time, lie, síence, mind
-y happy, busy, parties y happy, bizzy, partys
y/ī neither, semi ý nýdher, semý
ŏ dog, wash, porridge, frolic o, (ò) dog, wosh, porrige, fròlic
ō go, old, only, home, throat, oar, more, course, going o, oe, oa, (ó) go, old, oenly, home, throat, oar, more, coerse, góing
ɔ thought, law, always, talk, fort, dog au/aw, (äu/äw), o(r), (ô) thaut, law, aulways/äulways, tauk/täuk, fort, dog/dôg
oi boy, boil oi/oy boy, boil
aw crowd, flower, plough, hour öu/öw cröud, flöwer, plöw, öur
ŭ/o͝o₁ must, hurry, pull, wonder, look, other u, (ù), (ü) must, hurry, pul/pül, wunder, udher
ŭ* country, come ö cöntry, cöm
ū duke, universe, music, menu, muscular, fury, suet, argue u, ue, (ú) duke, universe, muzic, mennue, muscular, fury, súet, arg’ue
o͞o/o͝o₂ boost, roof, look, move, blue, two, too oo/oö, ooe, oow boost, roof/roöf, look/loök, moov, bloo. toow, tooe
iw new, feud eu/ew new, feud
ɜ₃ fur, furry ur, ür fur, fur’y

Notes

  1. In som cases, stressed vöwels which wüd udherwize be short ar considdered long.
    1. ānge: change, range (but flànge, orange)
    2. īld: wild, child (but chìldren, bìld, guìld)
    3. īnd: find, rind, wind (but tamarind, wìnd)
    4. ōld: bold, sold, cold
  2. Som vöwels cöm in short/long pairs which can aulternate dheir length depending on circumstance.
    1. Dhe vöwel pairs ar:
      1. ă/ā: natural~nature
      2. ĕ/ē: metric~meter
      3. ĭ/ī: wizdom~wize, prezident~prezide
      4. ŏ/ō: tònic~tone
    2. Rules for vöwel-pair length:
      1. Clozed stressed sillabels ar aulways short.
      2. Open stressed ultimats ar long for ‹i›, ‹o›, and ‹u›. Ultimat ‹e› is silent, and ultimat ‹a› is shwaa.
      3. Open stressed penultimats ar long.
      4. Open stressed antý-penultimats ar short.
      5. Hifens ar considered wurd böundarys when asiyning stress.
      6. Som suffixes ar not cöunted az sillabels; consequently dheze doo not afect vöwel length: legal~legally (but legality). See dhe suffix list for details.
      7. Seckondary stresses ar cöunted backwurds from dhe primary stress.
    3. Dhe vöwel pair ŭ/ū (reduction~reduce) functions differently, in dhat in enny open sillabel, it is considered long: universe (antý-penultimat).
    4. Vöwel pairs doo not include dhoze vöwels ritten with toow simbols.

Diacrìtics

Dhare ar toow main tipes ov diacrìtic:

  1. Stress/length indicativ (acute and grave)
  2. Change ov vöwel quolity (dýeresis and circumflex)

Aul diacrìtics except for öu/öw ar optional in menny dialects. In situations whare tiping diacrìtics is not possibil or dezirabil, dhey can be left öut completely.

Stress and Length Diacrìtics

Whare stress rules doo not properly predict dhe length ov dhe vöwel, acute and grave accents ar ritten too override dhe stress rule. Dhis commonly ocurs with dhe adission ov suffixes.

  • produce ~ pròduct
  • mith ~ mìthic
  • diplomat ~ diplómacy

Stress/Length diacrìtics ar aulso employed too braek up difthongs. In virtually aul cases, dhare wüd be no chance for confuzion if dheze accent marks wer omitted; stress/length accents can be left öut ov texts except whare absolutely necesary.

Vöwel Quolity Diacrìtics

Varios dialects hav, over histroy, split one vöwel intoo toow, whare-az udher dialects hav not evolved such a split. In dhese cases, diacrìtics can be uzed bi dhe splitting dialects too differentiate dhe new vöwel söunds.

  • path ~ pâth
  • dog ~ dôg
  • tauk ~ täuk
  • bit ~ bït
  • can ~ cän
  • bad ~ bäd
  • put ~ püt
  • roof ~ roöf

Dhe vöwel ‹ö› is uzed in dhe difthong ‹öw› [aw] to distingwish it from ‹ow› [ow]. Dhis instance ov ‹ö› is dhe oenly diacrìtic which must aulways be ritten.

Certan wurds uze ‹ö› insted ov ‹u› for short ŭ to az dhey wüd be tooe similar too taboo wurds if ritten with ‹u›. Udher short functional wurds which ar spelled with an ‹o› ar offen pronounced ŭ: from, ov, som. Including dhe dieresis is not required in dheze cases.

Whare dhe changed vöwel is predictabil, az in lông or pâth, dhe diacrìtic mark can be optionally left of. Exceptions too dheze rules shüd be indicated with dhe apropriat diacrìtic.

 

Grave

Indicates a short vöwel whare wun wüd expect a long vöwel.

màgic, rèlic, fìzics, tònic
  Uzed too braek up a difthong when dhe short vöwel is stressed. coòperate
  Apears when dhe ‹e› in past participels is pronounced. In dhis situation, dhe ‹è› is not stressed. lernèd
Acute Indicates a long vöwel whare wun wüd expect a short vöwel.  
  Uzed too braek up a difthong when dhe long vöwel is stressed. creáte, idéa, síence, góing, súet
Dýeresis Indicates a different vöwel söund. Dhe letters ä and ï ar oenly föund in spessìfic dialects. bäd, coërse, wïmmen, loök, pül.
Circumflex Indicates a different vöwel söund uzed in som dialects. pâth, dôg
  Indicates continental vöwel quolitys in forrin wurds. If dheze wurds ev’er becöm naturalized intoo Ingglish, dhe spelling shüd be changed too ad’here too Ingglish rules. ê~[e], î~[i], û~[u]  
Apostrofy Shows a contraction woen’t, it’s, i’l
  Uzed to dubbel a ‘v’ or ‘dh’ luv’ing,
  Hardens ‘g’ and ‘x’ ag’enst
  braeks up non-stressed difthongs and consonant clusters. ad’here, continu’er
Forrin Oenly Dhese letters ar oenly uzed too show dhe pronunciation ov forrin wurds. ÿ~[ü], ø [ø], œ [œ], ã, ẽ...  
  Forrin wurds in dheir oun orthografy ar aulways itàlicized, with a pronunciation guide in [brackets]. Dhe pronunciation guide need oenly apear wunce in a text, after dhe first instance ov dhe wurd.